I ka makahiki 1980, ma muli o ka lako pōkole ohuahana kalaponaa me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka loaʻa kālā o nā huahana kalapona, loaʻa i nā ʻoihana kalapona nā pono waiwai maikaʻi, a ua piʻi wikiwiki nā ʻoihana kalapona a puni ka ʻāina.Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻāpana kalapona ʻakomi holomua, he liʻiliʻi ka ʻoihana kalapona holoʻokoʻa, paʻakikī ke hana i ka mana hoʻokūkū kūpono.Eia kekahi, nui ka mana o nā huahana haʻahaʻa, lawa ʻole ka lako a me ke koi ʻana i nā huahana kiʻekiʻe, a me ke ʻano ʻoihana kalapona kūpono ʻole.ʻO ka manaʻolana hoʻomohala o nā mea kanu kalapona e pili kokoke ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe carbon automatic batching.

ʻO nā mea waiwai o nā mea kalapona a me nā huahana kalapona he mau mea kalapona.ʻOkoʻa loa ko lākou ʻano kemika, nā hiʻohiʻona morphological a me nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole a me nā ʻenehana hana.Wahi a ke kūlana kino hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā mea waiwai paʻa (aggregate) a me nā mea waiwai wai (adhesives a me impregnators).

I waena o lākou, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea maka o nā huahana kalapona i: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lehu a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka lehu e like me ka ʻike o nā mea haumia inorganic.ʻO ka lehu o nā mea haʻahaʻa lehu haʻahaʻa ma lalo o 1%, e like me ka petroleum coke, asphalt coke, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.coke hao, anthracite a pela aku.Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻihoʻi i ka hana ʻana, e like me ka graphite crushing, e like me nā mea maka.Ma muli o nā kuleana like ʻole a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano mea maka, ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi kā lākou mau koi.